Ken Wheeler Atman & ORIGINAL BUDDHISM.pdf (247.6 KB)
Introduction to the Book
Original Buddhism and the Atman by Dr. A.K. Coomaraswamy is a profound exploration of the intersections between early Buddhist teachings and the concept of the Self (Atman). Through meticulous scholarship, the book challenges widespread misconceptions about Buddhism, particularly the idea that it denies the existence of a Self or Soul. Coomaraswamy presents a deeply philosophical and metaphysical discussion, placing Buddhism within its historical and cultural context and examining its roots in Brahmanical philosophy.
About the Author
Dr. Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was a pioneering art historian, philosopher, and scholar of Indian traditions. His works bridge the philosophical traditions of the East and West, offering deep insights into Indian metaphysics and its broader connections to global philosophical thought. In this book, his nuanced understanding of Buddhism’s metaphysical foundations is evident, as he dismantles Western misinterpretations of Buddhist doctrine.
Key Themes and Concepts
1. Misinterpretations of Buddhism
- The book begins by addressing prevalent misunderstandings, particularly the claim that Buddhism denies the Self (Atman).
- Coomaraswamy asserts that early Buddhist doctrine does not negate the Self but rejects the identification of the Self with transient, empirical phenomena such as the body, mind, or personality.
- He critiques modern and Western scholars for their narrow interpretations, which fail to account for the metaphysical depth of Buddhist philosophy.
2. The Eternal Law (Dhamma) and the Ancient Way
- Buddhism is presented as a revival of the Eternal Law (Dhamma Sanatana), which is timeless and universal.
- The Buddha is portrayed as a restorer of the “Ancient Way,” emphasizing the perennial wisdom shared across Indian traditions.
3. The Nature of the Self and Non-Self (Anatta)
- Coomaraswamy clarifies that the Buddhist doctrine of Anatta (non-self) negates the empirical, mutable self but does not deny the transcendent Self (Atman).
- He draws parallels between Buddhist and Upanishadic views, illustrating how both traditions converge on the ultimate realization of a universal Self.
4. Dependent Origination and Causality
- The doctrine of Pratītyasamutpāda (Dependent Origination) is explored as a central tenet of Buddhist philosophy.
- Coomaraswamy highlights how this doctrine explains the cyclical nature of existence (samsara) and the role of ignorance (avidya) in perpetuating suffering.
5. Nirvana and Liberation
- Nirvana is presented not as annihilation but as “despiration” or the cessation of becoming.
- Coomaraswamy emphasizes Nirvana as a return to the primordial state, transcending all dualities and categories of thought.
6. The Middle Way and Ethical Conduct
- The Buddha’s Middle Way is examined as a path between extremes of indulgence and self-mortification.
- Ethical conduct (sila) and mindfulness (smrti) are shown as foundational practices leading to higher states of realization.
7. The Role of Contemplation (Jhana)
- Coomaraswamy delves into the contemplative practices of Buddhism, describing the stages of Jhana as progressive states of meditative absorption.
- He underscores the transformative power of these practices in achieving liberation from the cycle of becoming.
Chapter Overview
Chapter 1: Addressing Misconceptions
- Challenges modern interpretations of Buddhism as a doctrine of nihilism or atheism.
- Establishes the continuity between Buddhist and Brahmanical philosophies.
Chapter 2: The Nature of the Self
- Explains the Buddhist distinction between the transient, empirical self and the eternal Self.
- Highlights the parallels with Upanishadic teachings on Atman.
Chapter 3: Dependent Origination
- Provides an in-depth analysis of Pratītyasamutpāda.
- Explores its implications for understanding causality and liberation.
Chapter 4: Nirvana and the Path to Liberation
- Discusses Nirvana as the cessation of becoming and the realization of the unconditioned.
- Examines the ethical and contemplative practices leading to this ultimate state.
Chapter 5: Contemplation and the Middle Way
- Explores the stages of meditative absorption (Jhana) and their role in transcending samsaric existence.
- Examines the Buddha’s Middle Way as a practical and philosophical framework.
Conclusion
Original Buddhism and the Atman is a masterful exposition that restores the depth and nuance of early Buddhist teachings. Coomaraswamy’s scholarship provides a vital corrective to modern misinterpretations, emphasizing Buddhism’s metaphysical richness and its continuity with Indian spiritual traditions. This book is an indispensable resource for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of Buddhist philosophy and its profound insights into the nature of existence and the Self.