Ken Wheeler ORIGINAL BUDDHISM DR, AKC.pdf (235.7 KB)
Introduction to the Book
Original Buddhism & Its Origins by Dr. A.K. Coomaraswamy presents an in-depth exploration of the foundational doctrines of Buddhism, juxtaposed with its Brahmanical roots. This work intricately dissects the philosophical, ethical, and metaphysical dimensions of Buddhism, emphasizing its continuities with, rather than divergences from, earlier Vedic traditions. The book aims to restore an understanding of Buddhism as a profound, contemplative tradition rather than the atheistic or purely ethical system it is often portrayed as in modern interpretations.
About the Author
Dr. Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was a renowned philosopher, art historian, and metaphysician whose scholarly works sought to bridge the philosophical gaps between Eastern and Western traditions. His expertise in Indian philosophy and religion shines through in this text, as he meticulously examines the subtleties of Buddhist thought in the context of its spiritual and cultural origins.
Key Themes and Concepts
1. Buddhism’s Continuity with Brahmanism
Coomaraswamy argues that Buddhism is not a rejection of Brahmanical doctrines but a continuation and reinterpretation. Key points include:
- The Buddha’s teachings are framed as a restoration of ancient spiritual truths rather than a novel doctrine.
- The alignment between Buddhist and Upanishadic concepts, such as the Self (Atman) and ultimate liberation, is emphasized.
- The Buddha’s criticism of Brahmanism was directed at its external formalities, not its internal spiritual values.
2. The Buddha as a Restorer, Not an Innovator
The text presents the Buddha as someone who rediscovered and revived the ancient, universal principles of the Eternal Law (Dhamma). Coomaraswamy draws parallels between the Buddha’s mission and the works of earlier sages, highlighting:
- The Buddha’s adherence to timeless truths rather than creating a personal philosophy.
- His role as a restorer of the “Ancient Way” (brahmacariya).
- The idea that the Buddha’s teachings are a return to the essentials of spirituality.
3. The Metaphysical Foundations of Buddhism
Coomaraswamy delves into the philosophical underpinnings of Buddhism, clarifying its metaphysical assertions:
- The distinction between the “Self” (Atman) and the transient personality.
- The Buddha’s rejection of identifying the Self with empirical components like body, mind, or consciousness.
- Nirvana as “despiration” (freedom from cravings), which is not annihilation but a return to the primordial state.
4. Ethical and Contemplative Practices
The book emphasizes the interplay between ethical conduct and contemplative realization. Coomaraswamy highlights:
- The centrality of mindfulness (smrti) and recollectedness in Buddhist practice.
- Ethics (sila) as indispensable but not the ultimate goal, serving as the foundation for higher realization.
- The integration of moral discipline with metaphysical understanding.
5. The Doctrine of Dependent Origination
The doctrine of Pratītyasamutpāda (Dependent Origination) is presented as the core of Buddhist teachings. Coomaraswamy explores:
- The causal nexus underlying existence and suffering.
- The role of ignorance (avidya) as the root cause of cyclical existence (samsara).
- Liberation as the cessation of this causal chain through insight and practice.
Chapter Overview
Chapter 1: Buddhism and Brahmanism
- Examines the historical and doctrinal connections between Buddhism and Vedic traditions.
- Emphasizes the Buddha’s role as a reformer seeking to purify and restore ancient teachings.
Chapter 2: The Nature of the Self
- Explores the Buddhist distinction between the empirical self and the transcendent Self.
- Clarifies common misconceptions about Buddhism’s stance on the soul (Atman).
Chapter 3: Nirvana and Liberation
- Discusses Nirvana as the cessation of craving and ignorance.
- Highlights the metaphysical implications of “despiration” as a state of being beyond suffering and individuality.
Chapter 4: Ethical Foundations
- Details the role of ethics and mindfulness in the Buddhist path.
- Explains the significance of the “Five Virtues” and their application in daily life.
Chapter 5: Dependent Origination
- Analyzes the cyclical nature of existence and suffering.
- Provides a detailed exposition of the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination.
Chapter 6: The Buddha’s Mission
- Chronicles the Buddha’s life and teachings as a model for spiritual aspirants.
- Highlights his role as a teacher of universal truths.
Conclusion
Original Buddhism & Its Origins is a profound work that challenges modern misconceptions about Buddhism by restoring its philosophical depth and spiritual continuity with Brahmanical traditions. Coomaraswamy’s meticulous scholarship offers readers an enriched understanding of the Buddha’s teachings, emphasizing their timeless relevance and universal applicability. This book is an essential read for anyone seeking a deeper appreciation of Buddhism as a contemplative and metaphysical tradition.